e-rhizome 2020, 2(2):65-80 | DOI: 10.5507/rh.2020.005

Even New Religious Movements Have Legacies

Eileen Barker
London School of Economics
Houghton Street, London WC2 2AE, United Kingdom
E.Barker@LSE.ac.uk

Hundreds of thousands of new religious movements (NRMs) have made an appearance throughout the world since time immemorial. The majority of them have gathered only a small following for a generation or two, but then they are more likely than not to die out and be forgotten. Many of them do manage, however, to leave a legacy that makes its mark on the wider society, which often forgets their origin. This paper looks at some of those legacies in an attempt to indicate the broad range of innovations that have emanated from some of the more recent religious manifestations during their early years.

Keywords: Arts; Ecology; Environment; Businesses; Education; Healing; Health; Innovation; Good works; Law; New religious movements (NRMs); Politics; Welfare

Published: December 30, 2020  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Barker, E. (2020). Even New Religious Movements Have Legacies. e-rhizome2(2), 65-80. doi: 10.5507/rh.2020.005
Download citation

References

  1. Amnesty International. Conscientious Objection to Military Service. London, 1991.
  2. Barker, Eileen. "What Are We Studying? A Sociological Case for Keeping the 'Nova'." Nova Religio 8, no. 1 (2004): 88-102. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2004.8.1.88 Go to original source...
  3. Barker, Eileen. "We're Happy to Talk, But Dialogue ...? Courteous Discrimination in Establishment Parlance." In Limitations of Religious Freedom by Privileged State Religions (Ecclesiae) - Particularly in Authoritarian States, but also in Democracies, edited by Gerhard Besier, 143-168. Zurich: Lit Verlag GmH & Co., 2020.
  4. Barker, Eileen. "Denominationalization or Death? A Comparative Examination of Processes of Change within the Jesus Fellowship Church and the Children of God aka The Family International." In The Demise of Religion: How Religions End, Die, or Dissipate, edited by Michael Stausberg, Stuart A. Wright, and Carole M. Cusack, 99-117. London: Bloomsbury, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350162945 Go to original source...
  5. Barker, Eileen and Sarah Harvey (eds.). Health and Healing in Minority Religions. Abingdon: Routledge, 2021.
  6. Besier, Gerhard, and Stokosa, Katarzyna. Jehovah's Witnesses in Europe. Past and Present. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2016.
  7. Brace, Tony. "Jehovah's Witnesses and the Law: Caesar's Things to Caesar, but God's Thing's to God." In Reactions to the Law by Minority Religions, edited by Eileen Barker and James T. Richardson, 37-57. Abingdon: Routledge, 20210.Chryssides, George D. "Health and Healing in the Watch Tower Organisation." In Health and Healing in Minority Religions, edited by Eileen Barker and Sarah Harvey (Abingdon: Routledge, forthcoming). Go to original source...
  8. Cusack, Carole. "Science Fiction as Scripture: Robert A. Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land and the Church of All Worlds." Literature & Aesthetics 19 (2009): 72-91.
  9. Cusack, Carole. Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and Faith. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1086/661588 Go to original source...
  10. Cusack, Carole, and Norman, Alex (eds.). Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production. Leiden: Brill, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1558/firn.v10i1.29595 Go to original source...
  11. Di Marzio, Raffaella. "MISA, the Anti-Cult Movement and the Courts: The Legal Repression of an Esoteric Movement." The Journal of CESNUR 1 (2017): 20-31. https://doi.org/10.26338/tjoc.2017.1.1.3 Go to original source...
  12. Douglas, Paul. Architecture, Artefacts, and Arts in the Harmony Society of George Rapp: The Material Culture of a Nineteenth-Century American Utopian Community. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2011.14.4.117 Go to original source...
  13. Dunn, James. "Neutrality and the Establishment Clause." In Equal Separation: Understanding the Religion Clauses of the First Amendment, edited by Weber, P. J, 55-72. Westport: Greenwood, 1990.
  14. Flurry, Stephen. Raising the Ruins: The Fight to Revive the Legacy of Herbert W. Armstrong. Philadelphia Church of God Inc, 2006.
  15. Foster, Lawrence. Women, Family, and Utopia: Communal Experiments of the Shakers, the Oneida Community, and the Mormons. New York: Syracuse University Press, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1992.9950598 Go to original source...
  16. Frisk, Liselotte. "The Anthroposophical Movement and the Waldorf Educational System." In Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production, edited by Cusack, Carole, and Norman, Alex, 192-211. Leiden: Brill, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004226487_010 Go to original source...
  17. Harvey, Graham. Animism: Respecting the Living World. London: Hurst, 2005.
  18. Heelas, Paul. "Californian Self Religions and Socializing the Subjective." In New Religious Movements: A Perspective for Understanding Society, edited by Barker, Eileen, 69-85. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, 1982.
  19. King, Christine. The Nazi State and the Nazi New Religions. Toronto: Edwin Mellen, 1982. https://doi.org/10.2307/3167268 Go to original source...
  20. Lovelock, James. "Gaia." In The New Age: An Anthology of Essential Writings, edited by Bloom, William. London: Random Century, 1991.
  21. Lucas, Phillip C. "From Holy Order of MANS to Christ the Savior Brotherhood: The Radical Transformation of an Esoteric Christian Order." In America's Alternative Religions, edited by Miller, T., 141-148. Albany: State University of New York, 1995.
  22. Lykes, V., and Richardson, James T. "The European Court of Human Rights, Minority Religions, and New Versus Original Member States." In Legal Cases, New and Religious Movements, and Minority Faiths, edited by Richardson, James T., and Bellanger, François, 171-201. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2014.
  23. Manwaring, D R. Render Unto Caesar: The Flag-Salute Controversy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271626334500132 Go to original source...
  24. Marx, Karl. "Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of the Right" (1843-4). In Karl Marx: Early Writings, edited by Bottomore, Thomas, 43-59. London: Watts, 1963.
  25. Melton, Gordon J. "A New Religion Fights for Peace: The Case of the Quakers in Korea." The Journal of CESNUR 4, no. 5 (2020): 27-41. https://doi.org/10.26338/tjoc.2020.4.5.2 Go to original source...
  26. Middleton, Darren. Rastafari and the Arts. New York: Routledge, 2015. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203481653 Go to original source...
  27. Miller, Timothy. American Communes, 1860-1960. New York: Garland, 1990.
  28. Murrell, Nathaniel, and Snider, Justin. "Identity, Subversion, and Reconstruction 'Riddims': Reggae as Cultural Expressions of Rastafarian Theology." In Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production, edited by Cusack, Carole, and Norman, Alex, 495-518. Leiden: Brill, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004226487_021 Go to original source...
  29. Noyes, George Wallingford (compiler), and Foster, Lawrence (ed.). Free Love in Utopia: John Humphrey Noyes and the Origin of the Oneida Community. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2004.8.1.121 Go to original source...
  30. Perkins, Gary. Bible Student Conscientious Objectors in World War One. Charleston, SC: Hupomone Press, 2016.
  31. Richardson, James T. "In Defense of Religious Rights: Jehovah's Witness Legal Cases around the World." In Handbook of Contemporary Christianity: Movements, Institutions & Allegiance, edited by Hunt, Stephen, 285-307. Leiden: Brill, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004291027_016 Go to original source...
  32. Richardson, James T. "Update on Jehovah's Witness Cases before the European Court of Human Rights: Implications of a Surprising Partnership." Religion, State and Society 45, no. 3-4 (2017): 232-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2017.1389131 Go to original source...
  33. Robertson, David. "Making the Donkey Visible: Discordianism in the Works of Robert Anton Wilson." In Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production, edited by Cusack, Carole, and Norman, Alex, 421-441. Leiden: Brill, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004226487_018 Go to original source...
  34. Robbins, Thomas, and Bromley, David. "What Have we Learned about New Religions? New Religious Movements as Experiments." Religious Studies Review 19, no. 2 (1993): 209-216.
  35. Roux, Eric. "Scientology Behind the Scenes: The law Changer." In Reactions to the Law by Minority Religions, edited by Eileen Barker and James T. Richardson, 58-78. Abingdon: Routledge, 2021. Go to original source...
  36. Rucker, Chris. Seventh-Day Diet: A Practical Plan to Apply the Adventist Lifestyle to Live Longer, Healthier, and Slimmer in the 21st Century. Nampa: Pacific Press, 2002.
  37. Russo, Charles (ed.). Encyclopedia of Education Law. Los Angeles: Sage, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/ 9781412963916 Go to original source...
  38. Sandberg, Russell. Religion and Legal Pluralism. Farnham: Ashgate, 2015. https://doi.org/10.4324/ 9781315604770 Go to original source...
  39. Shepherd, Gordon, and Shepherd, Gary. Talking with the Children of God: Prophecy and Transformation in a Radical Religious Group. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1468-5906.2010.01561_2.x Go to original source...
  40. Tillich, Paul. Dynamics of Faith. New York: Harper and Row, 1957. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 004057365701400213 Go to original source...
  41. Wallis, Roy. The Elementary Forms of the New Religious Life. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429399206 Go to original source...
  42. Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1930). London: Unwin, 1995.
  43. Williams, Raymond, and Trivedi, Yogi (eds.). Swaminarayan Hinduism: Tradition, Adaptation, Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsr.13046 Go to original source...
  44. Zell, Oberon. "The Church of All Worlds." In Fiction, Invention and Hyper-Reality: From Popular Culture to Religion, edited by Carole Cusak, and Pavol Kosnáè, 261-702. Abingdon: Routledge, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315582283 Go to original source...
  45. Zeller, Benjamin. "Food Practices, Culture and Social Dynamics in the Hare Krishna Movement." In Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production, edited by Cusack, Carole, and Norman, Alex, 681-702. Leiden: Brill, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004226487_028 Go to original source...

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.